Part Four:
"CLASS STRUGGLES IN CHINA"
A MARXIST-LENINIST ANALYSIS OF MAO-TSE TUNG,
BY W.B.BLAND


CHAPTER SEVENTEEN : THE RESURGENCE OF ThE NATIONAL BOURGEOISIE (April 1973 - March 1976)
Introduction

ENGAGED IN A LIFE-AND-DEATH STRUGGLE AGAINST THE   POLITICAL REPRESENTATIVES OF THE PRO-SOVIET COMPRADOR BOURGEOISIE,  HEADED BY LIN PIAO,

Chou: IN  THESE CIRCUMSTANCES, THE POLITICAL REPRESENTATIVES OF THE NATIONAL BOURGEOISIE  WERE ABLE TO RECOVER SOME OF THE POSITIONS THEY HAD  LOST  DURING THE 'CULTURAL REVOLUTION'.

Since Chou brought:

After the 'Lin Piao Affair', Teng Hsiao-ping: In April 1973, Teng Hsiao-ping: at the 10th Congress of the CPC in August 1973.

As has been said, the National People's Congress in January 1973

as Prime Minister, and with only one military officer: The new government: Only one Deputy Premier -- Chang Chun-chiao -- was: From January 1974 onwards, In April 1974, for example: In January 1975, Teng was: The 2nd Plenum of the 10th CC, in January 1975: and in February 1975, Teng Hsiao-ping was: By these appointments, Teng assumed:  Furthermore, during the summer and autumn of 1975, For example, in July 1975: Chou  En-lai's policy of promoting a working alliance with the  political representatives of the national bourgeoisie met with strong: and they:  In January 1974 a campaign was initiated under the slogan: The group around Mao strove to transform this campaign into: Organised by Chiang Ching and Wang Hung-wen:  In August 1974,  the 'People's Daily' published an article which quoted Confucius as saying: In September 1975, Teng Hsiao-ping, on behalf of the national bourgeoisie, launched a campaign in support of three directives which he attributed to Mao Tse-tung, namely:  In January 1976, a New Year editorial in 'People's Daily', 'Red Flag' and 'Liberation Army Daily' cited a new directive attributed to Mao Tse-tung: This slogan: and initiated:  On 8 January 1976, Chou En-lai died.  ('Keesing's Contemporary Archives', Volume 22; p. 27,589).

On 15 January 1975, Teng:

Chou's death: On 3 February 1976, the Politburo of the CC of the CPC: Hua 's nomination took place because the political representatives of  the pro-US compradors -- the grouping around Chiang Ching - Hua Kuo-feng was: In other words, he was: who: who, although  a firm Maoist,  was not linked with the grouping around Chiang Ching -- now becoming widely known as 'the Gang of Four'. He was, in fact: Already in the autumn of 1975, Chiang Ching: and after his appointment as acting premier: At the beginning of April 1976, However, the demonstrations: Indeed: On the morning of 5 April: When the crowds refused to disperse: The media controlled by 'Gang of Four' denounced the demonstrations as: and singled out Teng: On 7 April 1976, the Politburo of the CC of the CPC: confirmed the appointment of Hua Kuo-feng as: Another resolution, also made: In other words, the comprador bourgeois political grouping: On 9 September 1976, Mao Tse-tung died.
Among  the foreign tributes,  US President Gerald Ford described him as a man who had From 11 to 17 September: In October 1976, it was announced: Mao's death: After Mao's death: They: and demanded: Indeed: These  developments caused the comprador bourgeois grouping around Hua Kuofeng to: Thus,  the grouping around Hua entered into a temporary tactical alliance with the  national bourgeois grouping headed by Teng Hsiao-ping to achieve the aim of liquidating the grouping headed by Chiang Ching.

The plan formulated by this alliance provided:

Aware of the moves to stage a coup against her: But in comparison with the leaders of the other groupings: Indeed, the primary base of the 'Gang of Four': In fact, by 1976: On 7 October 1976, Hua Kuo-feng: The  death  of Mao in September 1976 removed the keystone of the narrow power structure of  the 'Gang of Four' and opened the door to a coup against them by a temporary alliance of the national bourgeois grouping within the Party, headed by Teng Hsiao-ping,  and the comprador bourgeois  grouping headed  by  Hua Kuo-feng.

And  the  narrower  power  base of the 'Gang of  Four'  meant  that  this alliance was decidedly stronger than the 'Gang'.

In the period preceding Mao's death:

By mid-October 1976: Final decisions to launch the coup against the 'Gang of Four': On the evening of 6 October 1976, Chang Chun-chiao, Wang Hung-wen and Yao Wen-yuan were arrested  by troops. Chiang Ching and Mao Yuan-hsin were arrested in their homes at about the same time.

On 9 October 1976, Shanghai supporters of the 'Gang of Four':

Then, at a meeting of the Shanghai Party Committee on 12 October, In Peking, Posters: and, on 21 October 1976, The: The trial of the 'Gang of Four', however, did not begin until January 1981, nearly five years later,  after the ground had been prepared to include the  organising of the 'Cultural Revolution' among the crimes with which they could be charged.

CHAPTER TWENTY : THE SECOND RESURGENCE OF THE NATIONAL BOURGEOIS GROUPING (October 1976 - October 1987)
Introduction

HAVING  UTILISED THE COMPRADOR BOURGEOIS GROUPING AROUND HUA KUO-FENG  TO LIQUIDATE THE 'GANG OF FOUR',  THE NATIONAL BOURGEOIS GROUPING, HEADED BY TENG TSIA-PING,  NOW  EMBARKED  ON A CUNNING STRATEGY TO  LIQUIDATE THE GROUPING AROUND HUA.

The long-term programme of the grouping around Teng was, of course:

notably in the field of economic and foreign affairs.

Naturally, as a representative of the pro-American comprador bourgeoisie, Hua Kuo-feng

He: and at this time Hua Kuo-feng:  THE STRATEGY OF THE GROUPING AROUND TENG WAS,  THEREFORE, TO WORK, IN  NO MATTER  WHAT  UNPRINCIPLED WAY,  TO END THE DOMINANCE OF THE  PARTY  GROUPING HEADED BY HUA KUO-FENG:

FIRSTLY, BY HYPOCRITICALLY PLEDGING LOYALTY TO HUA KUO-FENG AND 'MAO TSETUNG  THOUGHT'  IN  ORDER TO ACHIEVE 'REHABILITATION'  BY  A  PARTY MACHINERY DOMINATED BY THE HUA GROUPING;

 SECONDLY,  BY  FORMING  A  TEMPORARY  WORKING  ALLIANCE  (THE  'SO-CALLED 'DEMOCRACY  WALL'   MOVEMENT)  WITH  ELEMENTS  WHICH WISHED  TO ESTABLISH FORTHWITH 'PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY' IN CHINA AGAINST THE PARTY GROUPING HEADED BY HUA KUO-FENG;

THIRDLY,  BY PRETENDING TO SUPPORT THE PRO-AMERICAN,  ANTI-SOVIET FOREIGN POLICY OF THE GROUPING HEADED BY HUA KUO-FENG;

FOURTHLY,  BY WORKING FOR A RE-DEFINITION OF 'MAO TSE-TUNG THOUGHT' WHICH WOULD LIMIT IT TO PRINCIPLES ACCEPTABLE TO THE NATIONAL BOURGEOIS GROUPING OF THE PARTY; AND

FIFTHLY, BY HYPOCRITICALLY SUPPORTING  HUA's TOTALLY UNREALISTIC ECONOMIC PROGRAMME  OF  1978-79 (KNOWN AS THE 'GREAT LEAP OUTWARD'),  SO THAT  ITS INEVITABLE FAILURE COULD BE USED AS A WEAPON AGAINST THE GROUPING AROUND HUA.

The Campaign against the 'Gang of Four' (October 1976 - December 1977)

In October 1976:

Throughout 1977: and: During late 1978 and the first half of 1978, mass meetings took place: The 'Two Whatevers' (October 1976 - February 1977)

 On  10 October  1976,  only four days after the arrest of the  'Gang  of Four', the Party grouping around Hua decided to publish:

In February 1977, the Party grouping around Hua Kuo-feng proclaimed a principle of Maoist  fundamentalism which crystallised their programme and became known as the 'Two Whatevers', namely: The aim of the policy: The Central Work Conference (March 1977)

At a Central Work Conference in March 1977,  Hua at first:

Indeed, he denounced the demand for the return of Teng Hsiao-ping as equivalent to a call for the rehabilitation of the 'Gang of Four': However, under pressure from Teng's supporters, he later: to some extent, telling the conference:   The Rehabilitation of Teng Hsiao-ping (October 1976 - December 1978)

On 10 October 1976,  only four days after the arrest of the 'Gang of  Four' Teng wrote to Hua, praised him:

This letter: but is known to have indicated Teng' s:  In January 1977, big-character posters appeared which: and in the same month, the propaganda campaign against Teng Hsiao-ping was:  In a second letter to Hua in April 1977, Teng expressed: The way in which: Finally, in his April letter to Hua, Teng re-defined 'Mao Tse-tung Thought' in terms which would make it acceptable to the national bourgeois grouping of the Party, saying:   The 3rd Plenum of the 10th CC (July 1977)

 The tactics adopted by the group around Teng,  despite their unprincipled character,

where he paid hypocritical tributes to Hua's political wisdom, declaring: As a result, at the Plenum Teng was: Thus, from July 1977, At the Plenum, Teng: In addition, at the Plenum:  The 11th National Congress of the CPC (August 1977)

  In August 1977, the 11th National Congress of the CPC:

between the groupings headed respectively by Hua Kuo-feng and Teng Hsiao-ping. In a weaker position than at the Central Work Conference in March, now: Presenting the report of the Central  Committee, Hua alleged that: In his report, Hua: The congress endorsed Mao's policy of: In elections to the Central Committee: At the congress, Teng was elected a Deputy Chairman of the Party, but: Teng emerged: The Pro-US, Anti-Soviet Foreign Policy of the Hua Leadership (August 1977 - September 1980)

On the international situation, as has been said, the Hua leadership followed the line appropriate for the pro-US comprador bourgeoisie.  In his report to the 11th National Congress of the Party  in August 1977, Hua declared that:

From this time on, until the eclipse to the grouping headed by Hu Kuo-feng, this view formed the basis of China's foreign policy.  In particular,  it was embodied in the 'Three Worlds Theory', which:  The theory became prominent in the summer of 1977: It rejected: In November 1977, the theory was developed in a long article in the 'People's Daily'  in  November 1977, entitled 'Chairman Mao's Theory of Differentiation of the Three Worlds is a Major  Contribution  to Marxism-Leninism': In December 1978, a joint Sino-US statemnent announced that: At the same time, the US government announced its intention of: In 1978 there was: In February 1979, the Chinese government: In January 1980, the US Defence Department announced: In February 1980, a trade ageement with the USA: The 'Great Leap Outward' (February 1978 - early 1979)

At the National People's Council in February/March 1978:

It called for: By the autumn of 1978, however, Hua's ten-year development plan had: As a result: The fiasco of the 'Great Leap Outward' was followed by a programme of retrenchment, agreed upon at: The Debate on the Criterion of Truth (May - November 1978)

 In  May  1978,  an article was published entitled 'Practice is  the  Sole Criterion of Truth',

who had headed the Propaganda Department of the Party since December 1977. This and: from May to November 1978: In June 1978,  at an All-Army Conference on Political Work, Teng came out in support of Hu Yao-pang's formulation, saying: Teng's Criticism of the 'Two Whatevers' (September-November 1978)

In September 1978, Teng:

Now, The 'Democracy Wall' Movement (November - December 1978)

In November 1978, the national bourgeois grouping of the Party, headed by Teng Hsiao-ping,  formed a temporary coalition with elements, mainly non-Party, calling for multi-Party  parliamentary democracy',  whose programme was featured on 'Democracy Wall' at Hsitan, near Tien An Men Square in Peking.
At this time:

The debate over the criterion of truth: Big-character posters: And by the end of 1978 the 'Democracy Wall' movement had:  The Central Work Conference (November 1978)

 In November 1978.  just prior to the 3rd Plenum of the 11th CC, a Central Work Conference was held, and:

In fact, the conference became: with Teng proposing: During the conference, The incident was now declared to have been: Three days later, it was announced that: The 3rd Plenum of the 11th CC (December 1978)

 An  important development at the 3rd Plenum of the 11th CC,  in  December 1978,

At the 3rd Plenum, At the 3rd Plenum: and: In other words: and accepted that of Teng Hsiao-ping.

An official history of the CPC:

at the 3rd Plenum of the 11th CC.

  Teng as 'Paramount Leader' (July 1983 - October 1987)

 In July 1983:

 And the 13th National Congress of the CPC in October 1987: BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES --13

CARTER,  James R.  ('Jimmy'), American farmer and politician (1924-  ); farmer (1953-77);  senator,  Georgia  (1963-67);  Governor,  Georgia  (1971-75); President (1977-81).

HU Yaobang = Pinyin form, of HU Yao-pang.

HU  Yao-pang,   Chinese  revisionist  politician  (1915-89);  Director,  North Szechuan  People's  Administrative  Bureau  (1950-52);   Secretary,   New Democratic Youth League (1952-57); member, Executive Committee, All-China Federation of Trade Unions (1953-57);  Deputy Chairman,  World Federation of  Democratic Youth (1953-59);  1st Secretary,  Communist  Youth League (1957-67);  Director,  Organisation Dept.,  CC,  CPC (1977-78);  Director  Propaganda Dept., CC, CPC (1977-80);member, Politburo, CC, CPC (1978-89); Secretary-General.  CPC (1980-87); member, Standing Committee, Politburo, CC, CPC (1980-87); Chairman, CC, CPC (1981-82).


CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE : THE OUSTING OF HUA KUO-FENG
(December 1978 - June 1981)

Introduction

 HAVING  GAINED THE  DOMINANT POSITION WITHIN THE  PARTY,  THE  POLITICAL REPRESENTATIVES  OF THE NATIONAL BOURGEOISIE,  HEADED BY  TENG  HSIAO-PING, PROCEEDED TO OUST FROM LEADING POSITIONS THE POLITICAL REPRESENTATIVES OF THE COMPRADOR BOURGEOISIE, HEADED BY HUA KUA-FENG.

The 'Rehabilitation' of Peng Teh-huai and Peng Chen (December 1978)

 In December 1978, the 'rehabilitation' was announced of:

In the same month, a memorial meeting in honour of Peng Teh-huai was held. At this:  The Restoration of Property to the National Bourgeoisie (January 1979)

At a meeting in January 1979,  General ULANFU*, a member of the Politburo of the CC of the CPC and a deputy chairman of the Standing Committee of the NPC, himself a 'rehabilitated' victim of the 'Cultural Revolution', recalled that during the 'Cultural Revolution':

Ulanfu continued: The Re-defining of 'Mao Tse-tung Thought' (March 1979)

At a meeting of Party theoretical workers in  March 1979, Teng Hsiao-ping re-defined 'Mao Tse-tung Thought' in a way which would make it acceptable  to the national bourgeoisie, as:

The Suppression of the 'Democracy Wall Movement' (December 1979 - January 1980)

The political representatives of the national bourgeoisie, headed by Teng Hsiao-ping, did not at this time favour the principal aim featured  on  the 'Democracy Wall', that is, to establish multi-party 'parliamentary democracy since this would completely expose their false facade  of  being Marxist-Leninists:

Thus, having successfully utilised the 'Democracy Wall'  movement to assist in the overthow of the pro-US comprador grouping headed by  Hua  Kuofeng, the now dominant Party grouping around Teng moved to suppress the movement.

In December 1979,

and: The new site was, in fact, merely: In January 1980, Teng Hsiao-ping:  The 5th Plenum of the 11th CC (February 1980)

At the 5th Plenum of the 11th CC,  in February 1980,  Hu  Yao-pang  was promoted:

of the CPC, and, since: Hu Yao-pang was: The new At this Plenum, Teng's proposal (previous paragraph) to limit democracy was approved, and at the 1980 session of the NPC: The Rehabilitation of Liu Shao-chi (February 1980)

It was also at the February 1980 Plenum that:

and in January 1982: The Eclipse of Hua Kuo-feng (February 1980)

  By February 1980:

on the Politburo, and: He had:   The Politburo Conference (August 1980)

At a Politburo conference in August 1980:

In other words: And Chao Tzu-yang: At the end of 1980 and in the first months of 1981:  The Enlarged Politburo Meeting (November/December 1980)

At an Enlarged Politburo meeting in November/December 1980:

The Enlarged Politburo meeting of November/December 1980 agreed that Hua lacked Humiliated, Hua: However, it was agreed to appoint him: -- a very minor post.

 Thus, the Enlarged Politburo Meeting of November/December 1980:

 The 6th Plenum of the 11th CC (June 1981)

The 6th Plenum of the 11th CC was postponed.  It eventually met in  June 1981, but:

The Plenum: It was now charged that Hua had: and that the 11th National Congress of the CPC in August 1977 had: Although Hua retained his titles: Hua: At the 12th National Congress of the CPC in September 1982, Hua was: He then: CHAO Tzu-yang,  Chinese revisionist politician (1919-   );  General Secretary,
South  China  Sub-bureau1  CPC  (1951-54);  Deputy  Secretary,  Kwangtung
Province CPC (1955-57);  2nd Secretary, Kwangtung Province CPC (1962-65);
Secretary,  Central-South Bureau, CPC (1964-67); 1st Secretary, Kwangtung
Province CPC (1965-67,  1974-75);  Secretary,  Inner Mongolia  Autonomous
Region  CPC (1971-72);  1st Secretary,  Szechuan Province CPC  (1976-80);
member,  Politburo,  CC,  CPC (1979-80); Premier (1980); member, Standing
Committee,   Politburo,  CC,  CPC  1980-89);  Premier  (198O-87);  Deputy
Chairman,  CC,  CPC  (1981-82);  Acting  General Secretary,  CPC  (1987);
General  Secretary,  CPC (1987-89);  Deputy  Chairman,  Central  Military
Commission (1988); dismissed from all posts (1989).

ULANFU,  Mongolian  revisionist  military officer  and  politician  (1906-88);
Chairman,  Inner  Mongolian Region People's Government (1947-55);  Deputy
Chairman, Suiyuan Military and Administrative Council (1949-52);  member,
People's   Government  Council  (1949-54);   secretary,   Inner  Mongolia
Autonomous  Region CPC (1949-55);Governor,  Suiyuan  Province  (1952-54);
member,  National  Defence Council (1954-66);  commander,  Inner Mongolia
Military Region, PLA (1954-67); Deputy Premier (1954-67); general (1955);
  1st  Secretary,  Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regional Committee  (1955-57);
  2nd Secretary,  North China Bureau, CPC (1965-67); member, Politburo, CC,
  CPC (1977-85); Deputy President, PRC (1983-88).

ULANHU = Pinyin form of ULANFU.

ZHAO Ziyang = Pinyin form of CHAO Tzu-yang.



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